Literatuur

• Ben Hobrink , Moderne Wetenschap in de Bijbel, , [2010], 104,
• Jona Lendering , Spijkers op laag water, 50 misstanden over de Oudheid, , [2009], ,
• - - , Algemeen, , BGA, Kwamen getemde kamelen al voor in de tijd van Abraham?
• - - , Algemeen, , THE CAMEL ANCIENT SHIP OF THE DESERT And the Nabataeans
• - - , ANE: DISCUSSION LIST FOR THE STUDY OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST, , Camels in Ancient Egypt
• - - , Algemeen, , [0], ,
  • Genetics, archaeology and the origins of domestication
  • Reinoud Oosting, "Kameel of dromedaris?" in MAW Jaargang 39
• - - , Algemeen, , Wild Bactrian Camel Scientific Information
• Encyclopedie , Jewish Encyclopedia, , Dromedary
• Encyclopedie , Jewish Encyclopedia, , Camel
• Rabbi Dr. I. Epstein , Soncino Babylonian Talmud, , MISHNAH. WHEREWITH MAY AN ANIMAL GO OUT [ON THE SABBATH], AND WHEREWITH MAY IT NOT GO OUT? A CAMEL MAY GO FORTH WITH A BIT, A DROMEDARY [NE'AKAH] WITH ITS NOSE-RING [HOTEM], A LYBIAN ASS WITH A HALTER, A HORSE WITH ITS CHAIN, AND ALL CHAINWEARING ANIMALS MAY GO OUT WITH THEIR CHAINS AND BE LED BY THEIR CHAINS, AND [WATER OF LUSTRATION] MAY BE SPRINKLED UPON THEM, AND THEY MAY BE IMMERSED IN THEIR PLACE.⁹

  GEMARA. What is meant by a NE'AKAH WITH A HOTEM? -- Said Rabbah b. Bar Hanah: A white [female] camel with its iron nose-ring.

  A LYBIAN ASS WITH A HALTER. R. Huna said: That means a Lybian ass with an iron halter.¹⁰  Levi sent money to Be Hozae¹¹  for a Lybian ass to be bought for him. [But] they parcelled up some barley and sent it to him, to intimate to him that an ass's steps depend on barley.¹²

  Rab Judah said in Samuel's name: They [the scholars] transposed them¹³  [in their questions] before Rabbi: What about one animal going forth with [the accoutrement] of the other? As for a dromedary [ne'akah] with a bit, there is no question; since it is not guarded thereby, it is a burden.¹⁴  The problem is in respect of a camel with a nose-ring. How is it: Since a bit is sufficient, this [the nose-ring] is a burden; or Perhaps an additional guard is not called a burden? Said R. Ishmael son of R. Jose before him, Thus did my father rule: Four animals may go out with a bit: a horse, mule, camel and ass. What does this exclude? Surely it excludes a camel [from being led out] with a nose-ring? -- No: it excludes a dromedary [ne'akah] with a bit. In a Baraitha it was taught: A Lybian ass and a camel may go out with a bit.

  This is dependent on Tannaim: A beast may not go forth with a muzzle;¹⁵  Hananiah said: It may go forth with a muzzle and with anything whereby it is guarded. To what is the reference? Shall we say, to a large beast? is a muzzle sufficient! But if a small beast is meant, is a muzzle insufficient?¹⁶  Hence they must surely differ in respect to a cat: the first Tanna holds: since a mere cord is sufficient, it [a muzzle] is a burden;¹⁷  while Hananiah holds, Whatever is an additional guard is not called a burden. R. Huna b. Hiyya said in Samuel's name: The halachah, is as Hananiah.

  Levi son of R. Huna b. Hiyya and Rabbah b. R. Huna were travelling on a road, when Levi's ass went ahead of Rabbah b. R. Huna's, whereupon Rabbah b. R. Huna felt aggrieved.¹⁸  Said he [Levi], I will say something to him, so that

  9. To whom the law of Sabbath rest applies. V. Ex. XX, 10; Deut. V, 14. If the chain becomes ritually unclean, the ceremony of sprinkling (v. Num. XIX, 14 seq.) and immersion (tebillah) may be performed while they are on the animal.
  10. The words used in the Mishnah had become unfamiliar to the Babylonian amoraim and needed explaining.
  11. A district on the caravan route along the Tigris and its canals. The modern Khuzistan, a province of S.W. Persia, Obermeyer, Landschaft, pp. 204ff.
  12. I.e., barley is the proper food for asses. -- Rashi: they returned the money, not wishing to send an ass so far.
  13. [I.e., the appurtenances mentioned in the Mishnah.
  14. And must certainly not be led out with it.
  15. Or, collar.
  16. It is a complete guard in itself, and there can be no reason for prohibiting it.
  17. Therefore it is forbidden.
  18. He thought that Levi had acted intentionally, which was disrespectful, for Rabbah b. R. Huna was a greater scholar.
• J.P. van de Giessen , Blog Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel, juni 16, 2008,

  Dromedaris

• J.P. van de Giessen , Blog Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel, June 3, 2010,

  Door het oog van de naald

• J.P. van de Giessen , Blog Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel, November 29, 2010,

  Schepen van de woestijn

• J.P. van de Giessen , Blog Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel, July 29, 2011,

  Dromedaris

• J.P. van de Giessen , Blog Aantekeningen bij de Bijbel, February 12, 2014,

  Kamelen in de Bijbel?

• Jona Lendering , Livius, Articles on ancient history, , Camels and dromedaries

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